sports dictionary Athletics
3THE STRONGEST RACE A race completed by runners who have the best results shown in previous competitions
AGE CATEGORIES In track and field competitions, the following age groups are distinguished: boys and girls-14-17 years old; juniors-17-18 years old, youth-20-23 years old, adults-19-40 years old, male veterans-40 years and older; female veterans-35 years and older
ALL-AROUND COMPETITION Combining individual sports disciplines within a single sport In athletics, the classic events are the womens heptathlon, consisting of the 100 m hurdles, 200 m, 800 m, long jump, high jump, shot put and javelin throw, and the mens decathlon, consisting of the 100 m, 400 m, 1500 m, 110 m hurdles, long jump, pole vault, shot put, discus and javelin throw
ASPHALT (BITUMEN)SURFACE Top layer of a running track, stadium sectors, sports grounds, made of asphalt (bitumen)
Athletics A sport that combines running, walking, jumping, and throwing
BARRIER ATTACK The first phase of overcoming a barrier by a track and field athlete in a hurdle race, which begins after passing the vertical in the last step (characterized by straightening the swing leg and bending the torso forward) and ends with the separation of the push leg from the track
BARRIER HEIGHT Vertical barrier size, which is different for men, women, boys and girls (from 76.2 to 106.7 cm)
BARRIER STEP A method of overcoming obstacles in barrier running; it consists of an attack, crossing a barrier, and landing, and has a larger range of body movement in the horizontal and vertical planes than smooth running
BATON RELAY A brightly colored wooden or plastic hollow cylinder with a smooth surface 280-300 mm long, 358-40 mm in diameter, weighing at least 50 g, which is passed to each other in the designated area by the relay race participants
BEND SLOPE Slope of the treadmill surface in closed rooms towards the center of curvature of the curve
BIG SWEDISH RELAY RACE Relay race with different lengths of stages– 800 + 400 + 200 + 100 m; recently held infrequently
BLOCKING THE RUNNER (CROSSING) Deliberate actions of a runner, when his body interferes with other participants in the race; is punishable by disqualification of the runner
BODY TILT WHEN RUNNING IN A CURVE Deflection of the runners body when passing a turn from the vertical in the forward direction inside the circle to maintain balance
BREAKING THE BAR An element of the high jump and pole vault technique, which consists in transferring the body over the bar due to special movements of the athlete
BREAKING THE BARRIER An element of barrier running technique that involves running over an obstacle with a special barrier step
CLASSIC DISTANCE Distance included in the program of the Olympic Games, World and European Championships
CONSOLATION RACE Race for runners who did not qualify for the final, to distribute subsequent places after the final or to achieve higher results than they showed in the preliminary races
CONTROL RACE Race held as part of a control training session
CROSS-COUNTRY DISTANCE The distance covered in cross-country; it is laid on rough terrain in a forest, park, or field The length of the distance is regulated by the competition regulations
CROSS-COUNTRY RUNNING Cross-country running with overcoming natural and artificial obstacles
CROSS-COUNTRY TRACK A place in a forest, field, or park for cross-country running
CROSSMAN A runner competing in a cross-country race
DECATHLON Type of athletics; includes 100, 400, 1500 m and 110 m hurdles, long jump, high jump, pole vault, shot put, discus throw and javelin Decathlon competitions are held for men
DEPARTURE ANGLE (BODY, PROJECTILE) The angle between the horizontal plane and the tangent to the trajectory of the common center of mass of the athletes body at the moment of separation from the support or projectile from the throwers hand; an important characteristic of the rationality of technique in sports with a flight phase
DEPARTURE PHASE The moment of lifting the athlete off the ground in running, jumping, as well as the moment when the projectile is released by the thrower
DERAILMENT OF THE BARRIER An element of the barrier running technique, which consists in quickly lowering the swing (attacking) leg behind the barrier and simultaneously pulling up and bringing forward the bent push leg in order to overcome the barrier more quickly and perform the first running step behind it
DISCUS THROWING Type of athletics; throws of a special round sports projectile with a convex center weighing from 0.5 to 2 kg (depending on the age and gender of the thrower) with one hand for a distance from a circle with a diameter of 2.5 m. The throw consists of preliminary swings of the projectile, rotation of the thrower and final effort
DISTANCE BARRIER Distance of 60, 100, 110, 200, 400 m with special barriers installed at a certain distance from each other, which can be overcome by runners
DISTANCE LENGTH Distance from start to finish covered by an athlete in a competition or training session in all cyclical sports
ENTERING A TURN 1 cm Turn entry 2 Movement phase in discus, hammer and shot put
ENTRANCE TO THE POLE A combination of a pole vault technique element that includes putting the pole in the box, pushing off, and starting to hang on the pole
ENTRANCE TO THE TURN Transition from running (walking) on a straight stadium track to running (walking) on a turn
FINAL EFFORT PHASE Element of throwing technique, during which the athlete releases a projectile at the required height from the ground and at the optimal angle, informing him of the maximum possible speed of departure FARTLEK Method of training in running (literally "speed game"), which consists in changing the speed of movement during a long continuous run according to the athletes well-being, coachs command or partners acceleration
FINAL PHASE Element of the movement system that ends the exercise Initial phase Element of the movement system that begins the exercise Single-support phase Position of the athlete in walking, running, jumping, characterized by touching the ground with one foot
FINAL RACE A race held in the final stage of the competition to identify winners, prize-winners and further distribute places
FINAL RUN Running performed at the end of a training session or after a competition in order to relieve physical and mental stress; provides a smooth decrease in the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body in order to move on to subsequent activities
FINISH LINE A line indicating the end of a running or walking distance
FINISHING Completing the final segment of the race, often accompanied by a final acceleration
FINISHING DASH Sudden acceleration made by the athlete at the end of the race
FINISHING SEGMENT Part of the distance at which the final acceleration is performed in the run
FINISHING TAPE Tape that is loosely attached to the finish line of running or walking, limiting the distance
FLIGHT ALTITUDE The highest point of the trajectory of the total center of mass of the athletes or projectiles body
FLIGHT OF A SPORTS PROJECTILE A phase in throwing a sports projectile that is limited to the moment when the projectile is released and lands
FLIGHT PHASE An element of running or jumping technique that is characterized by the athletes lack of contact with a support (ground, barrier, pole, springboard, or projectile)
FLYWHEEL LEG A leg that does not touch the ground during the athletes push-off phase during running or jumping
FOOD AT A DISTANCE Reception of nutrient mixtures in the form of solutions and water in the course of competitive activity of a runner or walker at a distance in points specially provided for by the competition rules
GAREVE (CLINKER)COATING The top layer of a running track, stadium, or sports grounds, made of coal burning (tiles or red bricks), is well permeable to water
GARNET Sports projectile for throwing made of metal or wood and metal, having the form of a combat grenade; weight for girls-500 g, boys-700 g GROUPING IN FLIGHT In track and field jumps grouping of individual parts of the athletes body and their optimal approach to the general center of mass of the body to reduce air resistance or increase the speed of rotation in flight
GRABBING A SPEAR Method of holding a projectile by an athlete, in which the spear is located between the first (thumb) finger and the rest
GRIP HEIGHT Vertical distance from the bottom point of the pole to the point where you can hold it with your hands when jumping
HAMMER BALL An integral part of the hammer-a sports projectile for throwing
HAMMER HANDLE Attachment at the end of the cable in the form of a handle for holding the projectile thrower
HAMMER ROTATION Method of pre-acceleration with a hammer by a thrower before throwing; usually 3-4 preliminary circular rotations are performed
HAMMER SHORTENED Sports projectile for throwing, which has a shorter length of rope than stipulated by the competition rules; it is used in training to develop speed of movement
HAMMER THROWING Type of athletics; throw a special sports projectile weighing from 3 to 7.26 kg (depending on the age and gender of the thrower) with two hands for a distance from a circle with a diameter of 2.135 m. The throw consists of preliminary swings of the projectile, three or four turns of the thrower and the final effort
HAMMER WEIGHTED (LIGHTWEIGHT) A sports projectile for throwing during training, which has a larger (smaller) mass than provided for by the competition rules; it is used to develop special strength (rotation speed)
HANGING ON A POLE Pole vault phase in its supporting part, performed after the end of the push-off
HEIGHT MARGIN Vertical distance from the bar to the body of a high jumper or pole vaulter when crossing the bar
HEIGHT OMITTED Height that a track and field athlete misses in a high jump or pole vault competition for tactical purposes
HEPTATHLON Track and field events The womens heptathlon includes the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 m long jump, javelin throw and 800 m run; held in two days, the mens heptathlon consists of the 60 m hurdle, long jump and high jump. run-up, shot put, high jump run-up, 60 m hurdles, pole vault, 1000 m run; held only indoors (in winter)
HIGH JUMP Type of track and field athletics; an athletes crossing of a vertical space (jumping over a bar) with a push of one foot after a run-up
HURDLE RUNNING Type of track and field competitions; running with overcoming special obstacles – barriers set at a distance in a certain order
INITIAL HEIGHT The height at which a high jumper or pole vaulter starts the competition
INITIAL HEIGHT REQUEST Declaring a high jumper or pole vaulter as the first height from which they will start the competition
INITIATIVE IN THE RACE Athletes activity in choosing or changing the tactics of conducting a competition
INTERVAL RUNNING Training run, performed with strictly regulated breaks for rest; it is aimed at solving certain tasks: developing special endurance, high-speed qualities of the runner
JAVELIN THROW Type of athletics; throws of a special sports projectile shaped like a spear, length from 2.2 to 2.7 m, weight from 500 to 800 g (depending on the age and gender of the thrower) with one hand for a run-up distance The throw consists of taking the spear back behind the head in the last steps of the run-up and the final effort
JOGGING Slow running with a short step with a very low rise of the hip of the swing leg; it serves as a means of warming up, relieving tension after competitions, and improving the functional state of the oxygen transport system of a person engaged in recreational running
JUMP BAR Smooth plate made of wood, metal or plastic with a diameter of 29-31 mm, installed for athletes in the high jump (plank length-3.98–4.02 m) and with a pole (plank length-4.48–4.52 m)
JUMP FROM A STANDSTILL Physical exercise; overcoming space without a run-up phase and pushing off from a support with two legs or sequentially with each leg In competition and training activities, long jumps, high jumps and triple jumps are often used as tests to determine jumping ability, as well as to develop speed and strength qualities (explosive strength)
JUMP HEIGHT Vertical distance from the ground to the upper surface of the bar that the athlete has covered in the high jump or pole vault
JUMP LENGTH Distance traveled by a jumper in a jump – the first phase of a triple jump
JUMP-OFF Additional competition of high jumpers and pole vaulters in the fight for the first place, when the indicators determining the winner are equal for two or more athletes
JUMPERS FLIGHT Unsupported jump phase, bounded by the end of the jumpers push-off and landing
JUMPING UP Jump up without running; used as a test to determine the jumping ability of an athlete
LANDING PHASE 1 Element of running and walking techniques, including placing the foot on the track and cushioning the resulting forces that do not coincide with the direction of movement 2 Element of long jump and triple jump techniques, which provides a more complete use of the jumpers flight path obtained as a result of pushing; performed by moving the legs forward in a sitting position or in a grouping with a deep squat after touching the sand, 3 is an element of high jump, pole vault, gymnastic, acrobatic and other jumping techniques that ensures a soft and safe landing of the athlete
LANDING PIT Special place in the sector for jumping: with sand – for landing long jumpers and triple jumpers; with soft materials (foam rubber) - for landing high jumpers and pole vaulters
LANDING SHOCK ABSORPTION Softening of the force of the push that occurs when an athlete lands in running and jumping due to inferior muscle work
LEADING THE WAY Position of the athlete or team with the best intermediate result in the current competition
LONG JUMP Type of track and field athletics; the athlete overcomes a horizontal space with a push of one foot from the bar after a run-up
LONG RUN A training run where the criterion is not speed, but rather covering a certain distance, or running for a long time
LONG-DISTANCE RUNNING Running at a distance of 3000 m and over (3000, 5000, 10 000, 20 000 m, hour-long run)
MARATHON (MARATHON RUNNING) Type of track and field athletics; ultra-long distance running, equal to 42 km 145 m
MARATHON DISTANCE Ultra-long distance, equal to 42 km 195 m, which is covered by male and female runners
MARATHON RACE Race for a distance of 42 km 195 m The number of races can vary (from several runners to tens of thousands)
MARCH THROW Military-applied type of competition, consisting of movement by accelerated walking in combination with cross-country running, mainly over long distances
MARKUP The process of drawing boundary lines on the treadmill, in sectors for jumping and throwing, on sports grounds in accordance with the competition rules
MINCING RUN A special preparatory exercise that develops the frequency of movements and activates the work of the foot is performed in short steps with a very small hip lift
MULTI-JUMPS Jumping exercises performed on one, two legs or alternately from one leg to the other to develop jumping ability and leg strength
NATURAL OBSTACLES Natural obstacles encountered during cross-country running (ditches, ditches, tree trunks, puddles, etc.)
OBSTACLE ATTACK The first phase of overcoming an obstacle in a steeplechase race, starting after passing the vertical in the last running step and ending with putting your foot on the obstacle or starting to cross it using the barrier step method
OVERCOMING AN OBSTACLE An element of the 3000 m steeplechase running technique, which consists in overcoming the non-throwing barriers installed at a distance by stepping on a barrier or taking a barrier step
OVERCOMING THE WATER PIT OBSTACLE An element of the 3000 m steeplechase running technique, which consists of stepping on the barrier facing the pit and then jumping over the pit with water
PANEL OF JUDGES A group of judges responsible for the conduct of competitions; it includes the chief judge and his deputies, the Chief Secretary and all members of the various judging teams in running, jumping, throwing and walking
PASSING THE BATON An element of relay running technique that provides the least loss of speed when passing a baton from one athlete to another
PASSING THE BATON FROM ABOVE Method of passing the baton by one runner of a team to another by moving from above into the palm of the hand, opened with the inner side up
PASSING THE BATON FROM HAND TO HAND Method of transmission, which consists in receiving it with the right hand, and passing it to the partner with the left
PHASE A moment (stage) of a system of movements or a state of an organism, a process that has certain boundaries; in jumping, there are four main phases: acceleration, repulsion, flight, and landing
PLANK ATTACK One of the phases of the high jump that begins after the push leg lifts off the ground and ends at the top of the jumpers body trajectory
PLANK TRANSITION PHASE Element of flight technique in high jump and pole vault, decisive, from the point of view of achieving the result, the jump phase prepared by all previous actions of the athlete; unsupported final part of the pole vault after the completion of the repulsion with the hands from the pole Consists of an arc-shaped movement around the bar, followed by throwing the hands back
POINTS TABLE Table of results evaluation; a systematized set of numerical data used for the equivalent evaluation of sports results shown in competitions and expressed in incommensurable values, in order to translate them into conditional indicators (points, points) for determining the results of team competitions and all-around events
POLE Sports equipment in the form of a long pole, which is used when performing a jump as a support In the initial phase of the jump, under the influence of dynamic load, the pole bends, and in subsequent phases straightens, which helps the jumper to successfully overcome the bar. Previously, they were made of bamboo, steel, duralumin; modern poles are made of special synthetic fiberglass material and have good ejection properties
POLE BENDING Property of the pole that is necessary to increase its spring qualities, and therefore, sports results in pole vaulting The greatest flexion of the pole in a jump coincides with the maximum acceleration of the overall center of mass of the athletes body and the horizontal position of his torso in the support part of the jump
POLE EXTENSION Pole straightening in the final phase of the pole vault support part; coincides with the athletes extension and reaching the vertical position when the athletes body reaches the highest speed and lift
POLE PUSH-UP An element of pole vaulting technique in which the jumper, moving to an emphasis on his hands to overcome the bar, uses the energy remaining from the extension of the pole, and pulling up, quickly and smoothly pushes himself up; the element coincides with the beginning of the transition of the bar
POLE RESILIENCE The property of the pole to take its original shape after the compression stops; it is achieved by selecting special composite materials for manufacturing
POLE SUPPORT BOX A wooden box buried in the ground flush with the track at the end of the pole vault run-up; it has a sloping bottom up to 0.2 m deep at the support wall, against which the jumpers pole rests at the moment of jumping
POLE TIP A rubber or plastic stopper that is inserted into the lower part of the track and field pole for jumping
POLE VAULT Type of athletics competition; pole vault (movable support) for the purpose of overcoming a high altitude Jump consists of a run-up, putting the pole at point-blank range, pushing off, supporting part (hanging, swing, extension of the body, pulling up the legs, push-up in a rack) and unsupported flight (crossing the bar and landing)
PRINTED BALL Round leather cover weighing 1-6 kg, 30-42 cm in diameter, stuffed with sea grass, bast wool, fiber or cotton wool, inside which a weighting object can be placed; it is used as a training projectile for developing explosive power in all athletics disciplines
PROJECTILE ACCELERATION Preliminary movements of the thrower with the projectile (specific to each type of throwing) in order to communicate a certain speed to the projectile
PROJECTILE MEASUREMENT Determination of the size and weight of track and field projectiles (discus, spear, hammer, core) to determine their compliance with the competition rules
PROJECTILE SWING AMPLITUDE The amount of preliminary hand movements with the discus or hammer throwers projectile in the horizontal and vertical planes increases With increasing amplitude The path of application of the throwers force to the projectile increases
PROJECTILE TRACK MARKER Mark left on the ground by a landed projectile when throwing A peg for measuring the result is placed at the nearest point of the track in relation to the place from which the throwing was made
PUSH FORWARD The moment when the foot is placed on the ground when running or jumping in front of the projection of the general center of mass of the body; in the process of a forward push, forces appear that slow down movement
PUSH LEG Leg that performs push-offs in running and walking; athletes leg (usually stronger), which he always pushes off in jumping
QUALIFYING HEIGHT The height that a high jumper or pole vaulter must overcome to get to the next stage of the competition
QUALIFYING RACE The race is preliminary, designed to identify participants in the next round of competitions, for which they must take a certain place or show a certain result
QUICK START-UP The speed of the run-up in various jumps or throws; largely determines the speed of subsequent elements of the technique – push-off in jumps and the final effort of the throw in throws
REAR PUSH An element of running or jumping technique that starts at the moment of passing the vertical of the general center of mass of the body and ends with the athletes leg lifting off the ground; in the process of a back push, the necessary horizontal and vertical components of movement speed are created
REKORTANOVOE (TARTAN)COATING The upper layer of the treadmill used for jumping, sports fields, made of synthetic material recortana (tartan), which has good spring properties
RELAY RACE Running as part of a relay team, where an athlete runs one stage (a certain part of the distance) and passes a special baton to the representative of his team in the relay transfer zone, who must run his stage as quickly as possible The most common relay distances: 4 100 m, 4 200 m, 4 400 m
RELAY TEAM Athletes competing on relay stages for one sports team
REPULSION ANGLE Angle between the horizontal plane and the line connecting the center of support of the limb and the total center of mass of the athletes body at the time of lifting off the support
REPULSION PHASE See Push
ROTATION OF THE BODY AROUND THE BAR Turning the body in flight in the high jump and pole vault around one of the three axes (longitudinal, transverse, anteroposterior) in order to consistently transfer individual body parts over the bar
RUBBER DISC Projectile for throwing made of wood or metal, covered with rubber on top, used for training in closed rooms and on hard-surfaced fields
RUN-UP An element of the technique of track and field jumping, as well as throwing spears, grenades; a gradually accelerating short run immediately before the push-off or throw is aimed at creating the necessary repulsion speed in jumps and the initial velocity of the projectile or body departure
RUN-UP LENGTH Distance from the start of the run-up to the push-off point in the jumping sector or to the line that limits the throwing sector; usually individual
RUN-UP MARK An intermediate reference point that increases the accuracy of the run-up for putting your foot on the bar in the long jump and triple jump, on the place of repulsion in the pole vault and high jump
RUN-UP RHYTHM Dynamics of the jumpers speed during the run-up, the ratio of the length and frequency of steps
RUN-UP SHORTENED Run-up when performing track and field jumps, throwing
RUNNING "RAGGED" Running at a variable pace
RUNNING A MARATHON Track and field athletics Super-long distance running, equal to 42 km 195 m
RUNNING A SENTRY Type of program of some track and field competitions, in which the athlete who ran the longest distance in 1 hour wins
RUNNING AGAIN Running performed according to the rules of the repeated training method, i.e. with a rest interval that provides a certain degree of recovery of the body (according to subjective sensations) from repetition to repetition
RUNNING ANGLE IN THE HIGH JUMP Angle between the direction of the run-up and the line on which the high jump racks are located
RUNNING CONTINUOUSLY Running performed according to the rules of the continuous training method, i.e. without rest intervals
RUNNING CONTROL Training run performed to monitor the level of fitness of the runner
RUNNING EVENLY Running at a steady pace
RUNNING FOR THE RECORD Running with the goal of achieving a record (from personal to world) Ultra-long distance running Running over 25 km (strictly speaking, there is no clear line between long and ultra-long distance running)
RUNNING FROM A LOW START Running from the starting position with support on two arms and legs; usually performed using starting pads
RUNNING IN LIGHT CONDITIONS Training downhill running, deadlift running, running in specially designed conditions that reduce the effect of gravity or help you develop greater speed
RUNNING IS INTENSE Fast running or running performed in intensive modes, most often when there is a lack of oxygen
RUNNING ON EQUIPMENT Training run with a task to correctly perform any element or technique of the exercise as a whole
RUNNING ON THE GO Special-preparatory exercise, when the runner first picks up speed, and then, while maintaining it, runs a given distance for a while; it is aimed at developing speed qualities
RUNNING ON THE SPOT Physical exercise that partially replaces natural running in terms of its effect on the body; it is used in conditions of limited space, as well as in exercises of rhythmic gymnastics, morning hygiene gymnastics, and as a special runners exercise, usually aimed at teaching you to raise your hip high for a long time
RUNNING OVER Repeat the race for any reason
RUNNING REPEATED TEMPO Running performed according to the rules of the repeated training method, but at a high speed (most often at the speed of the result planned for the competition)
RUNNING RHYTHM Alternation of movement phases in running in time and space, the ratio of the length and frequency of steps
RUNNING SMOOTH Run through the stadium without obstacles or barriers, as well as on the highway
RUNNING THROUGH THE LAYOUT Training or competitive running according to a specially calculated schedule for overcoming individual segments of the distance
RUNNING TO FAILURE Exercise for training the athletes special endurance, which consists in running until complete fatigue occurs in the form of refusal to work; a test to determine physical performance
RUNNING TRACK LENGTH Length of the running track for jumping or throwing (from 20 to 45 m)
RUNNING VARIABLE Running performed according to the rules of the variable training method, i.e. with repeated changes in speed, the rest interval in variable running is mainly jogging
RUNNING WITH A CHANGE OF PACE See Running variable
RUNNING WITH A CHANGE OF RHYTHM Running with varying step length or frequency
RUNNING WITH A HIGH HIP LIFT Special-preparatory exercise that develops the ability to raise the hip horizontally for a certain time in order to maintain the amplitude of the running step
RUNNING WITH A SHIN SPLASHDOWN Specially-preparatory exercise, which consists in folding the lower leg after a push - off and ending with touching the buttocks with the heels; it is aimed at improving the technique
RUNNING WITH ACCELERATION Running with a gradual increase in speed
RUNNING WITH JUMPS Training exercises in which the distance is covered by jumping
RUNNING WITH OBSTACLES Type of track and field events; 2000 or 3000 m race in the stadium with overcoming artificial obstacles-91.4 cm high barriers (four on a 400 m lap) and water holes (one on a 400 m lap)
SAWDUST TRACK A sawdust-covered training area used to restore the working state of the lower limb muscles after a strenuous workout
SECTOR FOR JUMPING A place in the stadium intended for jumping (during competitions and training)
SEMI-FINAL Part of a multi-stage elimination competition in which a certain number of athletes or teams that have shown the best results in the previous round participate; in the semifinals, the participants of the next stage – the final-are determined
SEMI-FINAL RACE Race held to select athletes for the final
SHOES WITH SPIKES Special shoes for some types of athletics: with spikes on the sole - for running, long jump and pole vault; with spikes on the sole and under the heel - for high jump and javelin throwing; serve for better grip on the support
SHORT-DISTANCE RUNNING Running distances from 30 to 400 m (the most common distances are 60, 100, 200 and 400 m)
SHOT PUT Type of athletics; Push a special sports projectile weighing 3-7. 26 kg (depending on the age and gender of the athlete) with one hand for a distance from a circle with a diameter of 2,135 m Push consists of preliminary movements: jump or turn-the final effort, which is a rapid movement of the hand from itself forward and up During the jump or turn the ball must not come off the throwers cheek; it is not allowed to hold the projectile in the air
SMALL SWEDISH RELAY RACE Relay race with different lengths of stages– 400 + 300 + 200 + 100 m; recently held infrequently
SPADE A long jumper and a triple leg step over a push-off bar, and a thrower steps over the rim or line that limits the circle or sector for throwing, as a result of which a spade attempt is not counted
SPEARHEAD Metal pointed device included in the equipment of a javelin for throwing
SPEED MARGIN The difference between the speed of the exercise and the maximum speed that the athlete has in this exercise is an indicator of the athletes special endurance The lower the speed margin, the higher the special endurance
SPEED OF REPULSION Speed of performing a push-off during running, walking, jumping, and other locomotions; a parameter that determines the speed of movement, height, or range of the jump
SPEED OF TURNING The speed of performing a turn in discus or hammer throwing, which provides the projectile with the necessary departure speed in the future
SPORTS WALKING Type of athletics; differs from ordinary walking with a longer step, bent arms, high pace, and also more economical due to the rotation of the pelvis around the longitudinal and anterior-posterior axes of the body, which provides less vertical and horizontal fluctuations in the total center of mass of the body during movement
SPRINGY RUNNING Running with an elastic setting of the foot on the ground and good cushioning of the landing
SPRINT RUNNING See Short distance running
SPRINTER Athlete (runner, speed skater, etc.) who specializes in short distances
START FLAG Signal flag used by the judges when giving the starting team
START HIGH Starting position of a runner without arm support
START IS LOW Starting position of a runner with support on his hands and feet
START LINE A line indicating the start of a race in a running or walking competition
STARTING JERK Sudden acceleration taken by the athlete at the start of the race
STARTING MACHINE See Starting pads
STARTING PADS A device for repelling the runner at the start; they are used to make better use of the efforts developed by the athlete, and allow you to set different distances between the right and left legs
STARTING RUN-UP The beginning of a runners running distance when there is a sharp increase in running speed
STARTING SHOT One of the types of starting team (sound signal) of judges-starters to start performing an exercise (race) in a competition
STAYERS RUN See Long distance running
STEEPLECHASE See Running with obstacles
STEEPLECHASE DISTANCE Distance of 2000 or 3000 m, laid out on the stadium, with artificial obstacles (barriers, a pit with water), overcome by runners
STEP ELASTICITY The quality of running technique, expressed in reducing fluctuations in the total center of mass of the body by reducing the squat on the supporting leg at the moment of passing the vertical and correctly placing the foot on the ground during the landing phase
STEP LENGTH Distance covered by the jumper in the second phase of the triple jump-step
STOP PUSH This is a typical push-off error for novice high jumpers; during the stopping push, there are forces that slow down the movement
TAKEOFF OVER THE BAR Jump phase, when the high jumper or pole vaulter reaches the highest point of the flight path
THE DISTANCE IS EXTREMELY LONG A distance that has a length of more than the classic long distances in walking, running, skiing, speed skating, and other sports
THE DISTANCE IS SMOOTH Distance between 30 and 30,000 m, covered by runners on a treadmill or highway (as opposed to hurdles and steeplechase)
THE MILE Distance of a running competition in English-speaking countries, equal to 1,609 m
THE RHYTHM OF RUNNING BETWEEN BARRIERS Number of steps an athlete takes between barriers during a hurdle run
THROW LENGTH Horizontal distance from the line bounding a throwing sector or circle to the landing point of a sports projectile (discus, hammer, shot, spear, and grenade); measured in meters and centimeters
THROWER-PROJECTILE SYSTEM A special term that denotes the combination of kinematic characteristics of the athlete and the projectile during the run-up and subsequent actions of the thrower to ensure the necessary conditions for projectile departure
THROWERS SWING Taking the athletes arm back or to the side-back before throwing a projectile (core, disc, spear)
THROWING AERODYNAMICS Using the laws of aerodynamics to increase the flight range of sports equipment (when creating their design that allows them to plan, as well as when making corrections to the angle of their departure depending on the direction and strength of the wind)
THROWING AREA A place in the stadium intended for throwing projectiles (during competitions and training), with an angle equal to 29? (javelin throw) or 40? (shot put, hammer and discus throw)
THROWING CIRCLE A place in the stadium for holding competitions and training in the shot put, discus throw, hammer with a hard surface (concrete, asphalt, etc.); behind and from the sides is fenced with a safety net to ensure the safety of judges, athletes and spectators The internal diameter is 2.5 m for discus throw and 2.135 m for hammer throw and shot put
THROWING GRENADES Type of athletics; throwing a special sports projectile in the form of a grenade weighing from 250 to 750 g (depending on the age and gender of the thrower) with one hand at a run-up distance In terms of technique, the throws are similar to javelin throwing or stone throwing
THROWING ROTATION Method of projectile acceleration and specific" run-up " of the discus thrower, hammer and shot putter; accompanied by the movement of the thrower in a circle in the direction of the throw and a smooth increase in the speed of movement of the "athlete – projectile"system
THROWING THE BALL Type of athletics for children under 14 years of age; throwing a ball made of rubber or synthetic material that has the shape of a ball, weighing 155-160 g, with a diameter of 58-62 cm The throw is carried out with one hand from a standstill or with a run-up method similar to throwing stones
THROWING WEIGHT A special projectile weighing 16 kg with a handle, a rope and a core at the end, used as an auxiliary training tool for hammer throwers; sometimes used for competitions in the arena
TRACK AND FIELD ARENA A roofed room for athletics classes and competitions, with a treadmill, a section for jumping and the shot put
TRACK AND FIELD THROWING EVENTS A group of track and field sports related to long-range projectile throws, including discus, javelin, hammer, weight, grenade, and shot put
TREADMILL A place for running in the stadium, in the arena; a standard track has a length of 400 m in the stadium and 200 m in the arena
TRIPLE JUMP Type of athletics competition; a jump consisting of three consecutive elements, in order to overcome the greatest horizontal distance, After the first push-off in flight, the position of the legs changes (jump), the second push-off is performed with the same leg, followed by flight (step), then push-off with the other leg (jump) and, finally, landing into a sand pit on both feet
TURN OF THE TREADMILL A turn on the stadiums treadmill; most often it has the shape of a semicircle that smoothly turns into straight sections and requires a special change in the movement technique when entering the turn, overcoming the turn and exiting it
TWO-LEGGED PHASE The position of an athlete in race walking, characterized by touching the ground with two feet
UNSUPPORTED PHASE Position of the body in space when it has no contact
WALKING DISTANCE Race walking distance from 3 to 50 km
WALKING HOURLY Type of program of some track and field competitions, in which the athlete who has covered the longest distance in 1 hour wins
WALKING PATH A place on a highway, in a park, or in a forest where walking training and competitions are held; usually a closed loop with a length of 2-2. 5 km
WARM-UP TRACK A place for running and walking that is used in the warm-up before a workout or competition
WATER PIT Special obstacle measuring 366-366 cm in the 2000 and 3000 m steeplechase, located on the outside of one of the turns of the treadmill, a barrier with a height of 91.4 cm is installed in front of the pit; the depth of the pit behind the barrier is 70 cm. The runner overcomes the obstacle by stepping on the barrier with one foot and starting from it, jumps into the pit with The harder he pushes off, the smaller part of his foot will fall into the water, since the bottom of the pit is inclined and gradually at the end it is compared with the level of the treadmill
WEIGHT THROWING Auxiliary training tool for hammer throwers; throwing a special sports projectile weighing 8-16 kg with both hands at a distance from the hammer throwing circle with a diameter of 2.135 m. The throw consists of preliminary swings of the projectile, turns and final effort
WIND SPEED REGISTRATION Wind speed measurement performed by jump and sprint competition judges and recorded in the protocol of measurement results
WORKING PHASE The phase of movement in which the main forces are created, leading to the movement of the body in space
YANDEX. DISK FOR TRAINING PURPOSES A disc intended for throwing during training sessions is not standard in weight or size; it may have a larger or smaller mass than stipulated by the competition rules (a weighted or lightweight disc), and is used to develop strength or speed qualities
attempt Performance of a track and field athlete in jumping and throwing, which is repeated a certain number of times by the rules; may be counted or not counted by the judges
barrier An artificial obstacle made of wood or metal at a distance of hurdling or cross-country running; it has a different height depending on the type of distance, gender and age category of the athlete
estimation A competition held during the training process in order to monitor the level of fitness of athletes, as well as for the purpose of selection
leader 1 An athlete who plays a central role in organizing joint activities and regulating relationships in a team 2 A participant, a team in a sports competition, going ahead
spear Sports projectile for throwing, made of wood (with a metal tip) or metal, has a cord winding Weight is 600 g (womens and youth javelin) or 800 g (mens javelin) For children, the weight may be smaller Spear lightweight Spear, which has a lower mass than defined by the competition rules; used to develop the speed of throwing Spear weighted Spear, which has a greater mass than allowed by the competition rules It is thrown in order to develop special strength qualities of the athlete-thrower
the core Sports equipment for pushing; all-metal ball weighing 3-7. 26 kg (depending on the gender and age of athletes), with a diameter of 85-130 mm
walking One of the natural ways of human movement in space; used for domestic, industrial, military, sports, medical, recreational and other purposes
