sports dictionary Equestrian sports
AMBLE fast symmetrical gait with two-hoofed lateral support and free flight phase. The length of the horses stride when ambling is less than when trotting, but the speed of movement may be greater due to the more frequent pacing of the horse.
APPEAL Players indication of a foul, which is expressed by raising their clubs above their heads.
ARBITRATORS Two officials, one on each side of the field.
AZIL a thoroughbred Arabian horse of particularly valuable origin.
BACKSHOT (Backshot) A reverse kick that reverses the direction of play and sends the ball flying in the opposite direction.
BALL LINE Imaginary line of movement of the ball after a hit or rebound.
BANQUET an artificial obstacle that the horse must jump on and then jump off. It is an earthen embankment up to 175 cm high, 350 450 cm wide and 3.5 14 m long.
BARS 1 gray stallion, the ancestor of the Oryol trotting breed. He was born in the Khrenovsky stud farm in 1784. For 17 years, it was used as a breeder and produced numerous offspring that played a crucial role in the development of the breed.
BEREITER (GERMAN: BEREITER) 1. Rider, specialist in dressage of riding horses. 2. Assistant horse trainer at the circus.
BIDARKA springless two-wheeled light carriage, common in the southern regions of the European part of Russia.
BREECHES special-cut riding trousers (wide at the hips and narrow, tightly fitting the leg at the lower leg).
BROOD show, a short-term exhibition of a horse on a specially equipped platform in front of the commission, buyers, and the audience.
BUGGY sports carriage, phaeton.
BUMP (Bump) Direct your pony to the side of the opponents pony.
BUMPERS Fences along the sideline that prevent the ball from leaving the field.
CAB RIDE four-wheeled spring carriage for fast driving in the city.
CABRIOLET light 2-wheel carriage.
CAMISOLE uniform of riders and jockeys for racetrack trials of horses, usually a jacket or shirt of bright colors.
CENTER OF MASS OF THE RIDER AND HORSE at rest, when the horse is standing, leaning evenly on all 4 limbs, it is located approximately at the intersection of the horizontal line passing at the height of the shoulder joint and the vertical line touching the posterior edge of the xiphoid process of the horses sternum. As you move, the position of the center of mass changes all the time. When the horse is collected, the rider tends to move it back to make it easier to control. By changing the position of their center of mass with the slopes of the body, the rider influences the horses balance, regulates and directs its movement.
CHAISE 1. Light open carriage (both spring and primitive springless), common in the past in the west and south of Russia. 2. A cart with a body for transporting goods in bags and in bulk.
CHARABAN light spring chetrekhkolesny carriage with 2 seats located most often along the body one against the other.
CHECK AND TURN Slow down the ponys run to make a safe turn.
CHUKKER The term is used to refer to a seven-and-a-half-minute period of playing polo; a polo match consists of six chuckers.
CHUMBUR halter rein for tying the horse. Chumbura can be chain, rope or braid.
CROSS-COUNTRY HARNESS it is used for training and testing trotters. A running harness is put on a horse standing at the junction in a certain order. After bandaging the legs and putting on the necessary shoes, a saddle with a sweating pad and a podkhvostnik is applied and the girth is fastened. Then put on a capsule, a bridle with bits and, if necessary, a wrapper with a trenzelka. The set of running harness includes: martingale, sweatpants, earrings, tightening belts, auxiliary girth, caps with throats, shorts. The reins are fastened to the bit rings last.
CROSSPIECE an obstacle consisting of 2 poles intersecting in a vertical plane.
ENTERING THE BALL Occurs when the referee starts or resumes play by rolling the ball into the center in front of the formation of both teams; the same as a throw-in.
EQUESTRIAN SPORTS various types of riding and horse exercises. It includes dressage, obstacle course, triathlon, horse racing and cross-country, running, jig and vaulting, equestrian games, and sports riding in carriages.
EQUESTRIAN SPORTS SCHOOL the main form of organizing equestrian sports, along with equestrian clubs and sections. Equestrian schools teach horse riding, conduct training sessions with athletes in various types of equestrian sports, dressage and training of sports horses, organize equestrian competitions.
EXTERIOR DESIGN external structure and external forms of the horse. The term was introduced to science by the French anatomist C. Bourgelat in 1768. Knowledge of the exterior makes it possible to correctly evaluate the horse during its external inspection.
FAVORITE at the racetrack, a horse that is considered the likely winner of the upcoming race or race. More bets are placed on her than on other horses in the sweepstakes.
FLAGMAN An unofficial referee who raises the flag above his head when the ball has crossed the goal line, or waves the flag below his waist when there was no goal.
FREE KICKS There are from 1 to 10, a free kick is given to the injured person; free kicks are taken from certain distances, which depend on the severity of the violation.
FROLIC 1. In racetrack trials and preparation for them, the designation of the time it takes for the horse to complete the entire distance or part of it. The expressions "Race Speed 1.35" or "Race Speed 2.03,7" indicate the time shown by the winner of the race or race. The expressions "fast horse"," fast gait", etc. mean moving at high speed.
GAIT method of forward movement of the horse. Natural gait (step, trot, amble, gallop) the horse moves without prior training. Artificial gait (elements of the Piaffe high school of horse riding, passage, school or Spanish step and trot, three-legged gallop, pirouette, etc.) is developed in a horse by special training.
GALLOP the fastest jump gait in 3 bars with a free-hanging phase. According to the speed and nature of movement, there are manege canter (up to 300 m/min), canter (400-750 m/min), swing and frisky canter.
GAME BEFORE THE FIRST GOAL (Sudden Death) Extra time, which is awarded if the score is tied in regular time; the team that scores the first goal in extra time wins.
GIG single-horse single-axle spring wagon with a body for 2 people. The load capacity is about 180 kg.
GIRTH a piece of horse equipment, a wide strong belt made of leather or other material. It covers the horses body from below and from both sides and holds the saddle on it.
GRAND NATIONAL (LIVERPOOL) STEEPLECHASE chaz is one of the most difficult equestrian competitions in the world. It has been played annually at Liverpools Antrie Racecourse since 1836. Distance 4 miles 856 yards (7218 m) with 32 jumps.
GRAND PARDUBICE STEEPLECHASE the most difficult competition in continental Europe. It has been played since 1875 at Pardubice Racetrack in the Czech Republic over a distance of 6900 m with 30 obstacles.
GREAT DANE This is a light single-axle or two-axle open carriage with a single-horned or paired team.
HARNESS harness, a device for transferring the traction force of a horse to a cart (carriage). Select and adjust it to each specific horse, so that the harness contributes to the maximum manifestation of performance and would not injure his body.
HIPPOLOGY the science of the horse, which has existed since ancient times. Hippology includes information about the horses origin, breed formation, anatomy and physiology, elk breeding and rearing of young animals, testing and equestrian sports, feeding and basic hygiene of horses.
HIPPOTHERAPY physiotherapy treatment based on neurophysiology, using horse and horse riding.
HITCHING POST a log or a thick pole attached horizontally to posts dug into the ground for tying the horse outside the stable. Height 100 120 cm, length at the rate of 150 cm for each horse.
HORIZONTAL CROSSPIECE an obstacle consisting of 2 poles intersecting in a horizontal plane.
HORSE TRAINING a systematic process of preparing a horse to achieve the highest performance in racetrack trials or in sports competitions. Training objectives formation and improvement of the horses necessary motor skills and qualities of strength, speed, and endurance.
HORSESHOES metal plates attached with nails to the hooves of horses to protect the horn from being erased and broken off. They were first used in the VIII-IX centuries in France.
HURDEL a fence made of twigs tightly packed into a wooden frame.
HURDLE RACES a type of horse racing with obstacles. Obstacles (hurdles) with a length of at least 12 m and a height of 100-110 cm are installed every 250-300 m. The last obstacle should be placed at least 200 m before the finish line.
JUTLAND BREED Danish breed of heavy trucks. In the 19th century, they were dry, dense horses, but then, as a result of crossing with the Cleveland, Suffolk, Clydesdale and Shire horses, they were enlarged and acquired characteristics typical of heavy-draught horses. They have a large head, a short neck, a long body, and a significant growth of limbs. Height 157-163 cm. The suit is red and purple, inherited from Suffolk ancestors.
KORDA spar, a strong braid with a length of 8-10 m and a width of 15-20 mm, designed to run a horse in a circle.
LANDAU spread in the XIX century, a four-wheeled carriage with soft springs, easy running and luxurious finishes.
LEGGINGS 1. Removable solid boot tops with buckles. 2. Bell-shaped gloves used by racehorse riders.
NEARSIDE Left side of the horse.
NOGAVKI protective devices that prevent operational injuries to the horses lower extremities safety shoes.
NURSERIES 1. Horse feeder. 2. A device for feeding horse hay in the form of a grid of vertical rods. It is fixed at an angle on the wall of the machine or stall slightly above the level of the horses head. From the manger, the horse eats hay gradually, it almost does not fall on the floor and is not trampled.
OFFICIALS Two mounted referees, who mainly direct the game, and the chief referee at the middle line of the field, who resolves disputes between the arbitrators.
OFFSIDE (OFFSIDE) Right side of the horse.
OMNIBUS SERVICE multi-seat horse-drawn carriage for regular transportation of passengers on certain routes in cities and between localities. It was widely used in the 19th century, especially in England and France.
OXER an altitude-latitude obstacle that consists of 2 parallel elements with a third one located between them, most often parallel bars with spindles or a notch.
PALISADE (FROM FRENCH. PALISSADE palisade, fence) a vertical obstacle in the form of a picket fence. Two palisades located one after the other form an altitude-latitude obstacle.
PARALLEL BARS high-altitude and latitudinal obstacle consisting of 2 parallel poles mounted on racks.
PASS THE BALL (LEAVE) Drive past the ball to leave it for your partner to hit from behind.
PHAETON (French: phaeton after Phaeton son of the owner of the fiery chariot, the ancient Greek sun god Helios) light four-wheeled spring sports carriage with a folding top. They are harnessed by a pair of horses or four zugs.
PHEASANT WALK an altitude-latitude obstacle consisting of parallel bars and 2 spindles located one in front and one behind the bars.
PLAYER QUALIFICATION Polo players receive an annual rating from their partners and the United States Polo Association on a scale of 2 to 10 goals.
PLAYER RATING Each year, players are assigned a score of 1 on a scale of 2 to 10 goals. The rating takes into account riding skills, the ability to score goals and effectively lead a team game.
POLE composite element of obstacles with a diameter of 10-12 cm and a length of 4 m.
PONY GOAL Hit the ball on target from the pony.
PUSHING BACK (RIDE OFF) Two players can collide and push each other away, preventing them from hitting the ball.
RACETRACK a complex of facilities for horse testing and equestrian competitions, exhibitions and horse breeding.
READY-MADE PONY A well-trained and well-played pony.
REDINGOT elongated fitted jacket made of brightly colored (red, blue, etc.) dense material with a black velvet collar. Traditional clothing of riders at competitions in overcoming obstacles and triathlon, as well as when participating in horse hunts.
RELAY RACES (FRENCH) ESTAFETTE) team competitions to overcome obstacles, in which team members take turns to complete all or part of the parkour. The winner is the team that showed the best total time to complete the route or received the maximum amount of positive points.
RIDER specialist in training and testing of trotting horses. Performs daily work with the horse, prepares it for trials, rides the horse for the prize.
ROCKING CHAIR light wheeled cart for training and racetrack trials of trotters, the main type of cross-country carriages that replaced the cross-country droshky.
RUNNING CIRCLE a track for training and testing trotters. It usually has an elongated shape with straight long sides and rounded turns. The length of the running circle is 1067 m. (verst) or 1600 m, width 12-16 m. On the track, make a smooth, not too hard, dense surface so that the running speed does not decrease. In winter, the path is icy. The finish line is always located in one place opposite the judges room. At large racetracks, prize-winning and training running circles are arranged.
RUSSIAN TROIKA traditional Russian harness, which appeared for the first time in the XVIII century. The middle, root horse is harnessed to shafts with a yoke and an arc, and the side, attached horses are harnessed to collars or shorts with traces, which are clung to the rollers put on the hooks of the cart. When driving fast, the rooter runs at a trot, while the harnesses gallop.
SAFTY (SAFETY) It is also known as penalty # 6, which is given for the ball leaving the field through the back line from a defenders kick.
SCHENKEL (GERMAN: SCHENKEL) one of the means of controlling a riding horse, the inner surface of the riders leg from the knee to the foot, applied to the horses body behind the girth.
SCHWUNG increase your stride while maintaining your pace
SHEEP PEN a closed obstacle course system for show jumping or cross-country running, which looks like a fenced area with palisades or perch fences. It is overcome in two jumps: inside the pen and out of it.
SPUR (GERMAN: SPOREN) thorns. An auxiliary agent that enhances the effect of schenkels. It is attached with a strap on the upper part of the boot back.
STABLES premises for keeping working and breeding horses. Most often it has a two-row internal layout. Machines and stalls are placed along the outer walls, with a stable passage between them.
STACK OF POLES altitude and latitude obstacle.
STAGECOACH SERVICE multi-seat horse-drawn carriage for transportation of passengers and their luggage, as well as mail. Before the advent of the developed railway network, stagecoaches made regular flights on certain routes between settlements.
STEEPLECHASE initially, a cross-country ride to a pre-arranged destination, such as a bell tower visible from afar. The steeplechase was first contested in England in 1792 over a distance of 8 miles (12875 m). The most difficult ones are considered to be the Big (Liverpool) National and Big Pardubice. In our country, steeplechase is played at a distance of 4000 6000 m for thoroughbred horses and half-bred breeds.
STICK AND BALL (Stick and ball) Indicates the players personal experience.
STICK HEAD The part of the stickleback used for hitting the ball; the kick is delivered with the wide side of the head.
STIRRUP part of the saddle, a device for supporting the riders leg when sitting on a horse and riding on horseback. Initially, the function of stirrups was probably performed by holes along the edges of the animal skin laid under the rider on the horses back. Then stirrups were invented in the form of belt loops. Metal stirrups appeared in Asia and Europe in the IV-V centuries AD.
STRIKE FROM under the neck (Neck shot) Kick the ball from under the horses neck.
STUD FARM a horse breeding farm designed for breeding and improving pedigree horses, raising pedigree horses. Some of the reared horses are intended for equestrian sports, export, and other custom purposes.
SUIT one of the main identifying features of a horse. The exact definition of the suit along with the description of the signs allow you to distinguish one horse from another. The suit is a hereditary trait of the horse and is determined by the color of the covering hair of the head, neck, body and limbs and the protective hair of the mane, tail and brushes. The main colors of horses are black, bay, red and gray; their derivatives are karak, brown, purple, bulan, nightingale, savras, kauraya, myshastaya, roan, piebald, chubaraya.
SWIMMING POOL WITH WATER obstacle in the form of a rectangular pit filled with water 9 m long, 3 m wide and up to 1 m deep.
TAIL SHOT Kick the ball from behind or below the horses rump.
TARANTASS at the beginning of the XIX century, a road cart on long quicksand drogs, later a four-wheeled spring passenger car with an open body, equipped with semi-soft removable front and rear seats, handrails, footrests and shields. The single-horse tarantass is designed for 2 passengers, while the double-horse one has a third seat next to the coachman in the front seat.
TARATAIKA gig, light springless 2-wheel carriage.
TEK (TACK) All the pony gear.
THE BRIDLE a part of horse equipment and harness designed to control the horse. It consists of a snowdrift or halter that is put on the horses head, bits and reins.
THE CARRIAGE large enclosed comfortable carriage with windows, doors and steps.
THE DERBY 1. The grand Prize, which has been played since 1780 at Epsom Racecourse in England for three-year-old thoroughbred stallions and mares. Named after the founder, Lord Derby. The original race distance of 1 mile (1,609 m) was increased in 1784 to 1.5 miles and in 1872 to 2,440 m. 2. In many countries, the main prizes are for thoroughbred riding horses and trotters. 3. The name of some of the main prizes in Russia, used in colloquial speech and unofficial publications. 4. Some major traditional competitions in classic equestrian sports, such as the Hamburg Dressage and Obstacle Derbies.
THE DITCH type of obstacle. Many obstacle course competitions must include a dry or water-filled open ditch in the parkour. Its width, depending on the competition class, is 200-450 cm, and there is no obstacle in front, in the middle or behind that exceeds the water level.
THE HALTER a bridle without a bit, an item of stable use intended for keeping a horse on a leash (using a chumbura) and taking it out of the stable.
THE JOCKEY a specialist who is professionally engaged in training and race testing of horses of riding breeds. To get the first title, you must pass the technical minimum and win 50 first prizes.
THE STACK a riding whip with a handle on one end and a belt loop on the other.
THE WHIP an auxiliary means of horse control, the use of which is restricted by the rules of equestrian sports and racetrack testing of horses. The whip should not be longer than 75 cm, and when testing trotters 125 cm.
THIRD PERSON The chief referee, sitting at the middle line; in case of disagreement between two arbitrators, the final decision is made by the "third person".
THROW-IN When the referee starts or resumes play, he rolls the ball into the center between the lined-up teams and sits astride his horse.
TIMEOUT (STOPPING THE GAME) The referee may stop the game in case of violations, injuries or at his own discretion; a player may request a game stop only if the horses equipment is damaged or if he is injured.
TOTALIZATOR 1. A counting machine (originally a mechanical counter) at racetracks, which calculates the bets in each race or race and determines the prize for a ticket with a correctly guessed winner or a combination of winners and prize-winners. 2. A game for money on races and horse races, organized by the administration of the racetrack through special cash registers, where bets are accepted and winnings calculated by the sweepstakes machine are paid out.
TRENZEL trenzel iron, bits consisting of a nibble and 2 rings, for which the trenzel is attached to the cheek straps of the headband, the rein is also fastened to the rings. In the horses mouth, the gnaw lies on the tongue and the toothless edges of the lower jaw, touching the corners of the mouth.
TROT slow and shortened trot (stride length approx. 2 m.). There is a quiet trot that does not have a hanging stage (speed of 1 km in 4.5 minutes) and an accelerated trot, also called free or fun (speed of 1 km in 3.5 minutes). Working with a free trot is about half of a trotters training.
TROTTERS a group of breeds of light-drained horses, the main distinguishing feature of which is the ability to move for a long time at a fast, flying trot. Bred in the XVIII-XIX centuries in connection with the increased need for fast-track horses for carriage transportation.
TURN Changing the direction of movement of the ball away from the protected goal with a reverse kick.
VOLTS 1. Figure riding arena, moving in a circle with a diameter of 6 m. 2. In competitions to overcome obstacles volt crossing the horses track anywhere in the competition field. It is considered as disobedience to the horse and is fined.
WALL stone wall, in show jumping competitions, a high-altitude obstacle in the form of a wall made mainly of wood and painted to look like a brick or stone. A high wall is made up of 2 parts. The upper one lies freely on the lower one and gets lost when it hits.
WALTRAP a blanket made of cloth or velvet, worn on the horses back under the saddle.
ZASEKA type of obstacles in equestrian competitions. It consists of a wooden binding on poles, inside which there is brushwood or live shrubs. Spotting is set up as a single obstacle and in combination with one or two ditches.
brushes tufts of long protective hair on the posterior surface of the lower part of the metacarpal, metatarsal and fetal joints. Brushes are developed mainly in horses of local and sled breeds, especially in heavy trucks. Riding horses most often do not have them.
collecting balancing the horse under the rider to give it a position from which the horse can easily move in any direction.
fence vertical obstacle made of poles or planks. Combined with ditches, ditches, poles, and so on, it creates high-altitude and latitudinal obstacles.
field It is usually 300 yards (274.2 m) long and 160 yards (146.2 m) wide, and is enclosed by railings.
grid a sheer obstacle.
hockey stick Polo stick.
horse racing 1. Racetrack performance tests of horses of riding breeds with a fast gallop under the rider. 2. One of the types of equestrian sports that includes hurdle races and steeplechases held at the racetrack, as well as cross-country races on the ground. Many peoples have national types of horse racing at various distances. The speed of the horse is 4 km/h at a walk, 9 30 km/h at a trot, 20 km / h at a canter or 1 km in 2.5 minutes.
horsebox fully enclosed space in the stable for individual maintenance of the horse without a leash. The stall is located in the stable along the passage on one or both sides. The stall is equipped with feeders and automatic waterers.
jumping competition in a broad sense, any equestrian sports competition. In our country, competitions are held to overcome various obstacles (from 6 to 18).
lynx one of the fastest gaits of a horse. Moving at a trot, the horse alternately moves with diagonal pairs of legs: right front left rear, left front right rear.
machine 1. Stable, a place for individual keeping of a horse on a leash in a stable. The length of the machine must be at least 2.85 m, width 1.6 m. 2. A device for fixing the horse during veterinary treatments.
obstacles 1. Artificial structures for concours and steeplechases. They can be vertical, latitudinal, or high-latitude. In all concours, obstacles cannot be higher than 170 cm and wider than 200 cm, and the maximum ditch width is 450 cm. On steeplechases, the maximum height of the obstacle is 140 cm, the width of the ditch with water is 4 m. 2. At the cross-country distance in triathlon, natural obstacles are used to the maximum. They, as well as artificial obstacles, are reinforced so that they do not change until the end of the competition. Place obstacles so that they cannot be avoided by combining artificial obstacles with natural ones (slopes, streams, ditches, hedges, etc.).
parkour a set of obstacles located on the competition area to overcome them. The rider must complete the parkour along the set route, meeting the time limit and making the minimum number of mistakes.
quarry fast gallop. At horse races, thoroughbred riding horses go 1 km quarry faster than in 1 min (world record 53.6 sec.).
running colloquial name for trotting horse trials, as well as the racetrack where they are held.
saddle as a device for riding is known from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. First, they were fixed on the horse with the help of tail and chest belts, then they began to use a cinch.
wheelchair comfortable coach for passengers with a seat on top.
